PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on 14 different times.
The Parisian giants required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net in the opening stages.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to take a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.